Evolucion y desarrollo industrial

Reported Statements

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said.
Here's how it works:

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

direct speech: “Ilike ice cream”
reported speech: She says she likes ice cream
We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

direct speech: “I like ice cream”
reportedspeech: She said she liked ice cream
TenseDirect SpeechReported Speech
present simple“I like ice cream”She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous“I am living in London”She said she was living in London.
past simple“I bought a car”She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.
past continuous “I was walking along the street”She said she had been walking along thestreet.
present perfect“I haven’t seen Julie”She said she hadn’t seen Julie.
past perfect*“I had taken English lessons before”She said she had taken English lessons before.
will“I’ll see you later”She said she would see me later.
would*“I would help, but..” She said she would help but...
can“I can speak perfect English” She said she could speak perfect English.
Could*“I could swim when I wasfour”She said she could swim when she was four.
shall“I shall come later”She said she would come later.
should*“I should call my mother”She said she should call her mother
might*"I might be late"She said she might be late
must"I must study at the weekend"She said she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend
* doesn’t change

Occasionally, we don’t need to changethe present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

direct speech: “The sky is blue”
reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue

Reported Questions
Okay, so now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences.But how about questions?

direct speech: "where do you live?"
How can we make the reported speech here?

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positivesentence. Confused? Sorry, maybe this example will help:
So, to look again at the example:

direct speech: "where do you live?"

She asked me where I lived.
Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple. How about another example:direct speech: "where is Julie?"

She asked me where Julie was.
The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple.

Here are some more examples:
Direct QuestionReported Question
“Where is thePost Office, please?”She asked me where the Post Office was.
“What are you doing?”She asked me what I was doing.
“Who was that fantastic man?”She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question word to help us. It's easy, instead use 'if':

direct speech: "Do you like chocolate?"
She...